Basic Electronics

This is a band pass filter
In band stop filter C2 is connected in between R1 and C1 (Requires inverting input)

Low pass filter

High Pass filter

(LPF and HPF requires differential input)

differentiation and integrator

ADDER

Subtractor

(for integrator, differentiator,adder,subtractor requires inverting input)

• Diode logic
• Resistor transistor logic:
• dissipates more power
• 1}DCTL(direct coupled transistor logic):it is used for to save space
• 2}Resistor capacitor transistor logic:input resistor are parallel with capacitors
• Emitter coupled Logic:
• it uses NPN transistor in differential amplifier range of input voltages are used so BJT will not goes into saturation region it is due to very high switching speed 
• also called common mode logic or current switch emmiter follower 
• CMOS:
• it utilize power during transition in logic so it uses very less power
• Power Scale::P=@cv^2.....@ is activity factor
• CMOS have speed limitation due to internal capacitance

CMOS is sensitive to electrostatic discharge or ESD so when handling CMOS devices, additional care needs to be used to avoid damage.

• CMOS can operate at different power supply voltages ranging from 3V to 15V.
• 
  
• LDR: as intensity of light increases resistance of LDR is decreases
• the strength of magnetic feild is measured in Tesla
• there are two of magnetic filed sensor1}Hall effect angle measurment 360deg.
• 2}Magnetoresistive angle measurment 180deg.
• Proximity sensor: it is used to detect presence of nearby object without any physical contact
• Conversion time – how long it takes to convert the sampled signal to digital code
• Quantization – divide analog signal into discrete levels
• 
  
• Thyristors have high power handling capacity,but less switching speed than transistor
• It has a rating of 1200V / 1500A with switching frequencies ranging from 1KHz to 20KHz.
• there are three junction are thyristor J1,j2,J3 when Va(which is connected to P terminal) if beyond the threshold value then avalanche breakdown is occur and thyristor start conducting
• another way to start thyristor is to apply some gate voltage at J2 so that J2 will be in forward bias 
• Latching current(IL)::it is minimum anode current is require to stay on the thyristor after removing gate voltage
• Holding current(IH)::
• The minimum anode current to maintain the thyristor in the on-state
• IL  >  IH
• different type of thyristors are
• Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR).
• TRIAC.
• DIAC.
• Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) – has built in low  voltage avalanche diode
• Ripple factor==>Vrms/Vdc
• adding RC filter beyond full wave rectifier will decrease the surge current